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| 3. Calligraphy |
| |Calligraphy| way of handwrithing with ink brush,whereby how to hold brush and write is paid attention to.Composition,dot,structure,presentation,closeness,overall concert and integration,writing technique,style and artistic concept constitute the essential elements. |
| |Inscriptions on bones or tortoise shells| or Qiwen,Buci or Guijia Characters in Chinese,the earliest Chinese characters preserved till now.It's named so because the characters were inscribed onanimal bones or tortoise shells. |
| |Inscriptions on ancient bronze objects| or Zhongdingwen in Chinese,characters inscribed on ancient bronze wares. |
| |Small seal Hand| or Qinzhuan in Chinese,popular in Qin Dynasty.The characters are long,tidy and of same size,evolved from big seal characters.Langxie Stone Engravings,Mount.Tai Engraved Stones are preserved examples |
| |Lron line seal hand| a type of small seal character,characteristic of smooth style and hard fine line.Qin Mountain Stone Engravings,Langxietai Stone Engraving of Qin Dynasty are fo typical iron line seal character. |
| |Seal hand | a handwriting style.(1)General name of ancient handwriting before Standard Hand in Han Dynasty,including small sealhand,big seal hand,inscriptions on animal bones and tortoise shells,andinscriptions on bronze wares.(2)Specifically,Shiguwen(inscriptions on drum-shaped stone) adopted in QinState during Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period,and the small seal hand after Qin'unification of China-attached seal hand. |
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|Big Seal hand| Dazhuan in Chinese,generally adopted in Qin State during Spring and Autumn Period and Warring State Period. |
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|Official hand(Lishu)| Also called "Zuoshu" in Chinese,typically used in history books.The characters are in flat square shape, and even. orderly,similar to official script, wish strokes more cursive and flowing together than small-seal style. |
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|Mozhuan (attached seal hand)| a kind of seal character in Han Dynasty, used for the purpose of seal engraving. The characters look in square shape, and even. orderly,similar to official script, wish strokes more cursive and flowing together than small-seal style. |
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|Zhangcao| a cursive hand type in early days.Cursive hand was originally evolved from official hand in Han Dynasty, mixed with some style of text hand. |
| |Standard hand| Kaishu or Zhenshu in Chinese. To standardize cursive handwriting,this type of handwriting was developed.Such handwriting is characteristic of squaree shape and even strokes just like standards of handwriting. |
| |Running hand| Xingshu in Chinese, an intermediate between cursive hand and text hand( standard hand).As belieed, it was created by Liu Desheng of late Han Dynasty.It combines smooth writing and distinguishable characteristics of standard hand with handsome handwriting of cursive hand,therefore,is popularly adopted for handwriting. |
| |Preface and postscript| characters written on front and back of book, calligraphy and painting, and rubbing. |
| |Guangeti(shuMingti)| the handwriting style required at civil service examination in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Handwriting Should be black, square,smooth and even.In the middle period of Qing Dynasty,the requirement was even more strict,resulting too stiff calligraphy.Such handwriting was called Taigeti in Ming Dynasty, and "Guangeti"in Qing Dynasty. Since such ahndwriting waspopularly used by officials, general stiff handwriting was teased as "Guangeti" |
| 4. Inscriptions |
| |Rubbing| script or pattern rubbed from stele and inscriptions on bronze wares. The earliest rubbing was seen in Tang Dynasty. It's rubbed by putting moist motto paper on engravings then rubbing the engravings with ink. |
| |Seal engraving| one of traditional Chinese arts, originally from early Qin Dynasty, then han and Wei Dynasties.Seal Characters were engraved by workers. In Yuan Dynasty, a painter named Wang Mian began to use stone as seal material. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, such seal engraving was very popular,many famous seal engravers and schools appeared. It combines seal hand and engraving skill. |
| |Epigraphy| a study of metal(ancient bronze wares) and stone engravings. Metal refers to bronze ware such as tripod, stone to stone engravings such as stele. Ancient people used to engrave characters on daily bronze or stone wares to praise, record or express something.By Qing Dynasty, Stone seal engraving was very popular, and epigraphy evolved into a special study. |
| |Agalmatolite| produced in Fu]ian province, with various color assotments. Some stones are as clear as ]elly, called as Agalmatolite Jelly, some as pure as sheep fat. named White Lotus. Besides, orpiment is anther famous assortment.¡£ |
| |Qingtian Stone| produced in a mountain of Qingtian. Zhejiang, with various color assortments. green one constitutes the majority. There are several top quality assortments. |
| |Changhua Stone| produced in a malachite cave of Changhua. Zhejiang. There are red, yellow and dark brown assortments. most are light gray one. a little bit transparent. Some of quality assorments are cornelian and more. |
| |Balin Stone| produced in Right Balin Banner of Inner Mongolia. |